From 1996, The Real Value of On-line Communities, here's a thread on a timeless framework for community building.
https://hbr.org/1996/05/the-real-value-of-on-line-communities

*There are four types of communities*:

1) Communities of transaction - Craigslist/FB mplace
2) Communities of interest - SubReddits/TikTok
3) Communities of fantasy - gaming
4) Communities of relationship - Instagram/LinkedIn

*On community business models*

1) Usage fees; function of time
2) Content fees; function of information size + value
3) Transaction and advertising; but tx revenue will be smaller than advertising
4) Synergies with other parts of the business

*On management goals*

1) Make the community economically attractive to users; specialize + distribute thru influencers.
2) Use an open Internet community to create business moats that prevent subscribers from switching.

*Community manager roles*

1) Executive moderator; manages system operators
2) System operators; moderation; seed and promote engaging discussion
3) Community merchandiser; identify goods + services that are attractive to your community members
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4) Executive editor; develop a community content strategy
5) Archivist; maintain community generated content
6) Usage analyst; study member behavior
7) New-product developer; community R&D

What's the best run online community you know of?

Note, at the time these communities were more distinct than they are now. Today platforms and communities have converged into conglomerates of multi-faceted community types.