From 1996, The Real Value of On-line Communities, here's a thread on a timeless framework for community building.
https://hbr.org/1996/05/the-real-value-of-on-line-communities

Note, at the time these communities were more distinct than they are now. Today platforms and communities have converged into conglomerates of multi-faceted community types.

*On community business models*

1) Usage fees; function of time
2) Content fees; function of information size + value
3) Transaction and advertising; but tx revenue will be smaller than advertising
4) Synergies with other parts of the business

*On management goals*

1) Make the community economically attractive to users; specialize + distribute thru influencers.
2) Use an open Internet community to create business moats that prevent subscribers from switching.

*Community manager roles*

1) Executive moderator; manages system operators
2) System operators; moderation; seed and promote engaging discussion
3) Community merchandiser; identify goods + services that are attractive to your community members
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4) Executive editor; develop a community content strategy
5) Archivist; maintain community generated content
6) Usage analyst; study member behavior
7) New-product developer; community R&D

What's the best run online community you know of?

*There are four types of communities*:

1) Communities of transaction - Craigslist/FB mplace
2) Communities of interest - SubReddits/TikTok
3) Communities of fantasy - gaming
4) Communities of relationship - Instagram/LinkedIn