Do "super", "hyper", "ultra", "meta" actually mean anything different beyond just being "cool prefixes" that cycle in and out of favor either organically or suddenly when a major entrepreneur just comes along and names their entire ecosystem after one of them?

imo: 
super - superior (perhaps literally bigger, e.g. superlinear)
meta - self observing, recursive (e.g. meta study)
hyper - beyond
ultra - very very

The only problem is externality pricing.

Building https://negationgame.com

Those meanings are real, but on the other hand... if the Superchain had been a Hyperchain, and hyperstructures had been ultrastructures, would anyone have noticed? 😛

superchain sounds a little more humble than hyperchain

Good thing you didn’t name Ethereum “SuperBTC”!

Often the harder we rep the less attention we get. 

Instead of the “SuperChain” maybe something simple like “1Chain”
Or “BaseChain” would make more sense.

Metachain hits different than super/hyper/mega/chain imo

Infotech terminology is inherently like this and constantly reappropriating word meanings, because the words are metaphors for pure information abstractions. Consider: tree, hash, node, computer, peer, server, cloud, file, load, firewall…