Do "super", "hyper", "ultra", "meta" actually mean anything different beyond just being "cool prefixes" that cycle in and out of favor either organically or suddenly when a major entrepreneur just comes along and names their entire ecosystem after one of them?

imo: 
super - superior (perhaps literally bigger, e.g. superlinear)
meta - self observing, recursive (e.g. meta study)
hyper - beyond
ultra - very very

The only problem is externality pricing.

Building https://negationgame.com

Those meanings are real, but on the other hand... if the Superchain had been a Hyperchain, and hyperstructures had been ultrastructures, would anyone have noticed? 😛

If you go too "hyper" sometimes you become less cool!! Hence superchain is better than ultra chain/hyperchain 😉