Ethereum

Are validators in the same cluster (eg same exchange, same user) more likely than unrelated validators to miss attestations at the same time? If so, can we tweak rewards to favor decentralized staking?

Possibly yes.

https://ethresear.ch/t/supporting-decentralized-staking-through-more-anti-correlation-incentives/19116

Don't you think that big operators can just run many validators in many different machines and even geographical locations?

iow unless I am missing something this is trivially gameable?

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Even if they diversified host machines and geographical locations is an improvement. It's also added overhead to some node operators so this should hopefully incentivize them to not put all their dependencies all in one place even if they are of the same entity.

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