Do "super", "hyper", "ultra", "meta" actually mean anything different beyond just being "cool prefixes" that cycle in and out of favor either organically or suddenly when a major entrepreneur just comes along and names their entire ecosystem after one of them?

In the case of extradimensionality, e.g. hypergraphs, they have specific meaning. In the case of a layer of abstraction through the use of a similar abstraction, like metacompilers, the prefix still holds meaning. But when it's just marketing, all language is fluff. 🙂