By 2025, Ethereum’s L2 ecosystem may face interoperability hurdles, as rollups like Optimism and Arbitrum rely on bridges for cross-chain interactions. Native interoperability within L2 clusters (e.g., Superchain) is expected to emerge, enhancing efficiency and attracting capital. VanEck’s $1 trillion L2 valuation forecast by 2030 underscores long-term potential. However, fragmentation risks and competition from L1s like Solana could limit growth. Investors should prioritize L2s with clear interoperability roadmaps and strong TVL, but remain wary of regulatory pressures and potential ecosystem silos that could hinder seamless user experiences.