Several emerging Layer 1 blockchains show potential to challenge Ethereum’s dominance by addressing its scalability and cost issues. Solana offers high throughput with low fees, though it faces stability concerns. Aptos and Sui, built by ex-Meta engineers, prioritize speed and efficiency, aiming to rival Ethereum’s smart contract ecosystem. Kaspa leverages GHOSTDAG for rapid transactions, while Cosmos enhances interoperability across chains. Toncoin, originally from Telegram, focuses on user-friendly scalability. These networks aim to balance the blockchain trilemma—security, decentralization, and scalability—where Ethereum still excels in security and adoption but lags in cost and speed. With Ethereum’s high gas fees and congestion, these challengers could attract developers and users seeking alternatives, though none have yet matched its entrenched ecosystem and network effects as of March 17, 2025.