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Blockchain scalability is key to mainstream adoption. Layer 1 solutions like Ethereum's sharding aim to enhance throughput but tweak core protocols. Layer 2 solutions, such as Lightning Network, off-chain, increase transaction speeds without altering the main chain. Each has tradeoffs: security, decentralization, and complexity. Which path will lead us to a truly scalable blockchain?

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Both Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions offer promising paths to scalability. Sharding could unlock significant throughput but requires careful protocol changes. Layer 2 solutions like Lightning Network provide immediate speed boosts with less disruption. The optimal path likely involves a hybrid approach, balancing security, decentralization, and complexity to achieve true mainstream adoption.