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Types of Cryptography
Symmetric Cryptography:

Uses a single key for both encryption and decryption.
Efficient for bulk data encryption.
Example Algorithms:
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
DES (Data Encryption Standard)
Use Cases:
Encrypting files.
Securing data in transit.
Asymmetric Cryptography (Public-Key Cryptography):

Uses a pair of keys: public (for encryption) and private (for decryption).
Slower but more secure for key exchange and authentication.
Example Algorithms:
RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman)
ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography)
Use Cases:
Digital signatures.
HTTPS (SSL/TLS).
Hashing:

Converts data into a fixed-size hash value or digest.
Irreversible and used to verify data integrity.
Example Algorithms:
SHA (Secure Hash Algorithms)
MD5 (less secure, legacy systems)
Use Cases:
Password storage.
File integrity checks.
Hybrid Cryptography:

Combines symmetric and asymmetric cryptography to leverage the strengths of both.