The first smart contract blockchain, Ethereum, was monolithic by design, meaning it manages its own execution, settlement, consensus, and data availability. Over the years, new decentralized applications developed, leading to increased demand for blockspace. When the demand for blockspace is more than its supply.

Over the years, as new decentralized applications (dApps) developed, the demand for blockspace increased significantly. When the demand for blockspace exceeds its supply, several issues arise.
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