Interesting factoid: The Seljuk Turkification of Anatolia in the 11th century was by like ~500k actual Turks from Central Asia converting ~12m Greek or Armenian speak Christians. Mostly peacefully it appears. Rumi and early Sufis had a lot to do with it, as did abandonment by a distant bureaucratic Orthodox Church in Constantinople that had long stopped serving any spiritual needs. It was a meaning crisis.

Also the Turks succeeded where the Arabs had given up because the grasslands were cold like the steppes and made for good pastures, unlike the agricultural land of Mesopotamia. They turned farmland into pastures. Agriculture only returned to Anatolia in modern times.

Fascinating.