Middle Ages (500 CE - 1500 CE)
In medieval Europe, education became increasingly formalized within religious institutions. Monasteries and cathedrals were centers of learning, and monks would study religious texts and the classics. Universities began to emerge during this period, such as the University of Bologna (founded in 1088) and the University of Oxford (dating back to the 12th century).
In the Islamic world, the Golden Age of Islam (c. 8th - 14th century) saw the development of advanced study in areas like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. Scholars in places like Baghdad’s House of Wisdom were translating and preserving classical Greek and Roman texts, while also making their own contributions to science and philosophy.