Do "super", "hyper", "ultra", "meta" actually mean anything different beyond just being "cool prefixes" that cycle in and out of favor either organically or suddenly when a major entrepreneur just comes along and names their entire ecosystem after one of them?

Proposed decision procedure for whether or not the prefixes actually have indepdendent meanings:

Identify some major products or concepts that use these prefixes. Swap the prefix out for any of the other ones in the list. Does the new name still "make sense"?

If (and only if) yes, they mean the same thing.

Hyper and hypo have opposing meanings in medicine

Hyper – your Greek lesson for the day. Glycemia is defined as the presence of glucose in the blood. Hypo comes from the Greek word hupo, which translates as under or, more typically, less. Hyper is also a holdover from the Greeks, from the Greek word huper, which translates as over or above.