It seems to be a common viewpoint that it's "obviously" naive to think that the same political institutions could work for everyone around the world.

But lots of day-to-day-life things (city structures, school systems, increasingly even food...) seem to globalize quickly just fine.

Why the difference?

It’s due to incentives and relative power of the stakeholders involved. 

Also, it’s about pre-requisites & building blocks. The more pre-reqs needed the harder. Eg if a good political system requires a strong independent judicial system then you run into chicken-egg problems.