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- @doublezero Space: Key Discussion Topics The DoubleZero Space featured an in-depth conversation about the N1 protocol and network infrastructure. N1 was introduced as a new global base layer network designed to deliver low latency and high bandwidth for high-performance blockchains and internet services. Unlike traditional blockchains, N1 operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model (Layers 1–3), optimizing real-time data movement far beyond what traditional public internet or blockchain scaling solutions like Ethereum or Solana can achieve today.
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The network’s reliability is supported by over 20 independent network contributors providing multiple data paths. This redundancy ensures trust in the network, even without being a traditional blockchain. Dedicated fiber optic lines and hardware like FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays) are used for in-line signature verification, spam filtering, and eliminating duplicate transactions. Validators can fall back to the public internet if needed, but N1’s dedicated infrastructure offers much faster block propagation and state synchronization—critical for high-performance systems like Solana or other blockchains. Censorship resistance is ensured through multiple independent paths. If a connection begins censoring or misbehaving, the system automatically routes around it via alternative pathways. Public routing tables are published on a DoubleZero ledger, showing expected latency between points (e.g., Amsterdam to Tokyo).
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Delays or packet drops are detected to identify tampering, with slashing penalties applied to provide cryptographic assurance and prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. The network’s technical architecture uses multicast technology, differing from the traditional internet’s unicast approach. This hardware-accelerated method, common in professional networks and high-frequency trading, replicates packets automatically instead of sending them repeatedly, reducing latency and validator workload. For example, airplaying music to multiple speakers uses multicast—N1 applies this to block propagation, RPCs, and state updates, delivering 10x faster performance than the public internet or existing blockchain solutions. The economic model highlighted a staking system for network contributors and validators.
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Contributors must stake a minimum amount of tokens to cover slashing penalties for malicious behavior (e.g., false latency reports). Validators stake proportionally to their responsibilities and rewards—more stake means more work and rewards. The rewards system distributes fees based on performance using Shapley values, prioritizing low latency, high bandwidth, and popular routes. A portion of rewards is burned to prevent inorganic traffic (fake data sent to boost rewards). N1 enhances this by prioritizing high-performance connections, making the network more profitable for both validators and contributors.
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The network’s growth and potential risks were also discussed. Major risks include a global crypto ban, low scaling ambition in the crypto sector, and physical infrastructure costs (e.g., securing dark or lit fiber). A mainnet launch for Solana on N1 is targeted for 2025, with current testing on a private testnet involving four validators. A public testnet is planned within a month, with long-term expansion to other blockchains. The fiber market structure was addressed. N1 typically uses lit but underutilized fiber, not dark fiber (unused glass fiber requiring optical equipment). Traditional carriers (Verizon, AT&T), private equity firms (Lumen, L3 Communications), and new consortia (Meta, Amazon, Google) own and operate these lines.
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New entrants use consortium models, sharing costs and capacity—e.g., Meta might fund 80% of a cable and sell the remaining 20% to others like Netflix or Cloudflare. Finally, N1’s compatibility with other networks was emphasized. As an OSI Layer 1–3 network, N1 is agnostic to network architecture and can support various blockchains. It currently supports Ed25519 signatures (used by Solana), but FPGAs can be updated for other cryptographic curves. Expansion plans for 2025 and beyond include other L1s and non-blockchain systems.
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